Stories : May 2015

The five tantras in Panchatantra are:

Mitra Bheda / मित्रभेदः / mitrabhedaH (Enstrangement Of Friends)
Mitra Samprapti / मित्रसम्प्राप्तिः / mitrasampraaptiH(Winning Of Friends)
Kakolukiyam / काकोलूकीयम् / kaakoluukiiyam (Of Crows & Owls)
Labdha Pranasam / लब्धप्रणाशम् / labdhapraNaasham (Loss Of Gain)
Aparikshita Karakam / अपरीक्षितकारकं / apariikshitakaaraka.n(Rash Deeds)

Hitopadesha (हितोपदेश / hitopadesha) is a collection of animal stories which are famous among young and adults alike. It was written in Sanskrit (11th or 12th century AD) by the Sanskrit scholar Narayana Bhatta.

Stories in Hitopadesha are mostly derived from Panchatantra. Out of the five tantras in Panchatantra Narayana Bhatta adapted stories from four tantras. Besides this he added 18 more stories to his compilation. Besides Panchantra, stories and concepts from Mahabharata, Dharma Shashtra, Purana, and Chanakya Neeti have been used in Hitopadesha.

Just like Panchatantra, intention of Hitopadesha is to cover major branches of political wisdom, moral code of conduct, and practical wisdom. Hitopadesha has the following four sections:

Mitra Laabha / मित्रलाभः / mitralaabhaH (Gaining Friends)
Suhrudbheda / सुरुभेधः / surubhedhaH (Causing Dissension Between Friends)
Vigraha / विग्रहः / vigrahaH (Separation)
Sandhi / सन्धि / sandhi (Union)

Jataka Katha (stories) are a collection of over 550 Buddhist stories of wisdom preserved in Jatakas or Tripitaka. These were composed between 300 BC to 500 AD. These stories are written in Pali language (not Sanskrit, but said to be a descedent of Sanskrit language) spreading the wisdom of right thinking and right living. Though not written in Sanskrit, it should be mentioned along with other Sanskrit scriptures.

Jataka means the birth story. It is believed that Siddharth before becoming Buddha, took birth in different forms and attained Bodhisattva. In each birth Bodhisattva took different forms like elephant, deer, monkey, bird, or sometimes a man. But, in each life he spread the message of justice wisdom, common sense, caution, trust, kindness, humility and compassion.

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